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Variable data represents measurements that can take on a range of values and can be quantified. This type of data is typically continuous and can be measured on a scale, allowing for more detailed analysis and insights.

The depth of a cut serves as a prime example of variable data because it can be measured in varying numerical values, such as millimeters or inches. This measurement can have decimals and can be influenced by numerous factors, making it continuous in nature. Such characteristics allow for a comprehensive understanding of the process being measured and can yield insights into variability and performance.

In contrast, the other examples represent attribute data. The number of welds per unit and the number of scratches are counted as whole numbers and do not vary on a continuous scale, making them discrete. Scrapped parts also fall into the same category, as it refers to a countable quantity rather than a measured value. Therefore, the depth of a cut stands out as the only measurement that embodies the features of variable data.